The Ingredient Database

The most biologically active but highly unstable form of Vitamin C. Requires a pH below 3.5 and specific chelating agents for formulation stability.

A robust, water-soluble vitamin. Efficacy plateaus at 5%; higher concentrations often result in irritation without added benefit.

A family of Vitamin A derivatives ranging from weak esters to prescription retinoic acid. Deep dive into conversion pathways.

Lipid-soluble beta hydroxy acid effective for comedolytic action. Efficacy highly dependent on formulation pH (~3.0-4.0).